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Example Anatomy flashcards
Define anatomy.
The study of the structure and organization of the human body, including organs, tissues, cells, and their relationships.
What are the two main branches of anatomy?
Gross anatomy (macroscopic structures visible to the naked eye) and microscopic anatomy (tissues and cells requiring magnification).
Define the anatomical position.
Standard reference posture: body upright, feet together, arms at sides with palms facing forward, head level, eyes looking ahead.
What does 'medial' mean in anatomical direction?
Toward the midline of the body; closer to the midsagittal plane. Example: the thumb is medial to the fingers.
Explain the difference between 'superficial' and 'deep'.
Superficial = closer to the body surface; deep = farther from the surface, toward internal structures. Example: skin is superficial to muscle.
Define a sagittal plane and explain what it divides.
A vertical plane running anterior-posterior that divides the body into right and left portions. The midsagittal plane (median plane) divides the body into equal halves.
What is the mechanism of action of a synovial joint?
Articulating bones separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid; the fluid reduces friction, allowing smooth movement between cartilage-covered bone surfaces.
Explain why the biceps brachii is called a two-headed muscle.
It has two distinct origins (long head from glenoid tubercle, short head from coracoid process) that converge into a single insertion on the radial tuberosity.
How does the reflex arc bypass the brain, and why is this anatomically significant?
Sensory neurons synapse directly with motor neurons in the spinal cord; this allows rapid protective responses (withdrawal) without waiting for brain processing, protecting the body from injury.
Describe the anatomical basis for why damage to the right cerebral hemisphere affects the left side of the body.
Corticospinal tract axons decussate (cross over) at the medulla oblongata; therefore, motor cortex in one hemisphere controls contralateral (opposite) limbs and body regions.
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