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Example CI/CD flashcards
What does CI/CD stand for and what is the core difference between them?
CI = Continuous Integration (automated testing/building on code changes). CD = Continuous Deployment/Delivery (automated release to production or staging). CI focuses on merge quality; CD focuses on release automation.
Name 3 popular CI/CD platforms and one key distinguishing feature of each.
Jenkins (self-hosted, highly extensible via plugins), GitLab CI (built into GitLab, YAML pipelines), GitHub Actions (integrated with GitHub repos, free for public repos). All support webhooks and distributed runners.
What is a webhook in CI/CD context and when does it trigger?
A webhook is an HTTP callback that triggers a pipeline when a repository event occurs (push, pull request, tag creation). Eliminates polling and enables real-time CI/CD activation.
Explain the purpose of a pipeline stage and give 2 examples.
A stage is a sequential step in a CI/CD pipeline. Examples: 'build' (compile code, run unit tests), 'deploy-staging' (push to staging environment), 'security-scan' (SAST/dependency checks), 'deploy-prod' (release to production).
What is the difference between pushing to a container registry vs. deploying to a Kubernetes cluster?
Container registry (Docker Hub, ECR, GCR) stores built container images as artifacts. Deploying to K8s pulls that image and runs it as a Pod/Deployment. Registry = storage; K8s = orchestration/runtime.
What is a Blue-Green deployment and what problem does it solve?
Two identical production environments (Blue=current, Green=new). Traffic switches from Blue to Green after validation. Solves zero-downtime deployments and instant rollback by redirecting traffic without stopping services.
What does 'idempotent' mean in deployment scripts and why is it important?
Idempotent means running the same command multiple times produces the same result (no side effects on reruns). Critical for CI/CD: ensures failed pipeline retries don't corrupt state or create duplicates.
Name 3 artifacts commonly stored in CI/CD pipelines and where.
Container images (registry like ECR), build artifacts (JARs/binaries in S3/Nexus), test reports (stored in pipeline logs/artifact storage). Enables reproducibility and traceability across stages.
What is a cron-based pipeline and when would you use one instead of webhook-triggered?
A pipeline scheduled via cron expression (e.g., '0 2 * * *' for 2 AM daily). Used for nightly builds, dependency updates, security scans, database backups—tasks that run on fixed schedules independent of code changes.
Explain the 'shift-left' principle in CI/CD and name 2 practices that implement it.
Shift-left = move testing/security earlier in the pipeline (left side of timeline). Practices: (1) run unit tests on every commit before merge, (2) SAST scans in pull request checks before code reaches main branch.
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